Publications
Peer-Reviewed Research
The method behind SONDA has been developed and validated in the open literature, first at the University Medical Center Groningen and then with clinical partners across Europe.
Detecting and quantifying glaucomatous visual function loss with continuous visual stimulus tracking: a case-control studyVrijling, A.C.L., de Boer, M.J., Renken, R.J., Marsman, J.B.C., Heutink, J., Cornelissen, F.W., Jansonius, N.M. (2025). Translational Vision Science & Technology, 14(2):3.
Glaucoma reduces SONDA tracking performance in proportion to the visual field loss measured with Humphrey perimetry, across early, moderate and severe disease, with no learning effect between visits.
Read the paper: doi.org/10.1167/tvst.14.2.3
Screening for glaucoma with a novel eye movement perimetry technique based on continuous visual stimulus trackingVrijling, A.C.L., de Boer, M.J., Renken, R.J., Marsman, J.B.C., Heutink, J., Cornelissen, F.W., Jansonius, N.M. (2025).
The pivotal clinical investigation of SONDA as a glaucoma screening tool, 100 patients and 100 age-matched controls: diagnostic accuracy across all severity stages, no learning effect, and patients rating the test easier and less tiring than standard automated perimetry.
Preprint under peer review; link to follow on publication.Continuous visual stimulus tracking to quantify eye motility in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3de Boer, M.J., Wasmann, R.A., Pott, J.W.R., Cornelissen, F.W., Jansonius, N.M. (2025). Frontiers in Neurology, 16:1650269.
In spinocerebellar ataxia type 3, the shape of the saccadic amplitude distribution during SONDA tracked disease severity, a candidate biomarker that conventional saccade measures do not see.
Read the paper: doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2025.1650269Using continuous visual stimulus tracking for detecting visual function loss due to acquired brain injuryVrijling, A.C.L., de Boer, M.J., Renken, R.J., Marsman, J.B.C., Heutink, J., Cornelissen, F.W., Jansonius, N.M. (2025). Acta Ophthalmologica.
In acquired brain injury, SONDA detected homonymous visual field loss regardless of the affected side, correlated with perimetry (r = 0.73) and showed no learning effect, in exactly the patients for whom standard perimetry is least reliable.
Read the paper: doi.org/10.1111/aos.70048Pediatric eye movement-based perimetry: progress, pitfalls, and prospectsBoethun, A., von Holstein, S.L., Mathiasen, R., Kolko, M., Cornelissen, F.W., Goossens, J., Nordhjem, B.J.T. (2025). Frontiers in Ophthalmology, 5:1681070.
A clinical perspective from Rigshospitalet on what eye-movement perimetry must get right for children, ergonomics, calibration and attention, drawn from testing 21 paediatric brain-tumour patients and 19 controls on two commercial systems, SONDA among them.
Read the paper: doi.org/10.3389/fopht.2025.1681070Stimulus contrast, pursuit mode, and age strongly influence tracking performance on a continuous visual tracking taskVrijling, A.C.L., de Boer, M.J., Renken, R.J., Marsman, J.B.C., Grillini, A., Petrillo, C.E., Heutink, J., Jansonius, N.M., Cornelissen, F.W. (2023). Vision Research, 205:108188.
Maps how stimulus contrast, pursuit mode and age shape tracking performance in healthy observers: the groundwork that lets SONDA detect subtle functional loss without false alarms.
Read the paper: doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2023.108188Measuring saccades in patients with Niemann-Pick type C: a comparison between video-oculography and a novel eye tracking test based on continuous psychophysicsGrillini, A., Koens, L.H., Lizaitiene, G., Lange, F., Cornelissen, F.W., Tijssen, M.A.J. (2022). Clinical Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 7:100170.
In Niemann-Pick type C, SONDA recovered the same vertical-saccade pathology as clinical video-oculography, with larger effect sizes, in under three minutes and without requiring stable fixation.
Read the paper: doi.org/10.1016/j.prdoa.2022.100170Eye-movement-based assessment of the perceptual consequences of glaucomatous and neuro-ophthalmological visual field defectsSoans, R.S., Grillini, A., Saxena, R., Renken, R.J., Gandhi, T.K., Cornelissen, F.W. (2021). Translational Vision Science & Technology, 10(2):1.
94.5% accuracy in separating patients with glaucomatous or neuro-ophthalmic visual field defects from controls, using interpretable decision trees, with normative values that held across an Indian and a Dutch cohort on different eye trackers.
Read the paper: doi.org/10.1167/tvst.10.2.1Computational methods for continuous eye-tracking perimetry based on spatio-temporal integration and a deep recurrent neural networkGrillini, A., Hernández-García, A., Renken, R.J., Demaria, G., Cornelissen, F.W. (2021). Frontiers in Neuroscience, 15:650540.
Introduces continuous eye-tracking perimetry: visual field maps reconstructed from a two-minute gaze-tracking task, whose output correlates with Humphrey perimetry in glaucoma patients.
Read the paper: doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.650540Evaluating perimetric techniques in the elderlyDemaria, G., Grillini, A., Jansonius, N.M. (2020). Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 61(7):3883, ARVO Annual Meeting Abstract.
In people aged 70 and over, eye-movement campimetry, the eye-tracking approach behind SONDA, separated glaucoma from healthy eyes as well as the button-press tests did, and was rated the most practicable of the eye-tracking tests; two other eye-tracking tests failed to complete in enough patients to be clinically useful.
Read the abstractEye movement evaluation in multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease using a Standardized Oculomotor and Neuro-Ophthalmic Disorder Assessment (SONDA)Grillini, A., Renken, R.J., Vrijling, A.C.L., Heutink, J., Cornelissen, F.W. (2020). Frontiers in Neurology, 11:971.
In multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease, SONDA's spatio-temporal analysis revealed oculomotor abnormalities that the conventional saccadic main sequence missed, from a few minutes of tracking instead of 20 to 25 minutes of standard protocols.
Read the paper: doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.00971
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